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在 Azure 上托管 n8n#

¥Hosting n8n on Azure

本托管指南将向你展示如何在 Azure 上自行托管 n8n。它使用 n8n，并以 Postgres 作为数据库后端，使用 Kubernetes 管理必要的资源和反向代理。

¥This hosting guide shows you how to self-host n8n on Azure. It uses n8n with Postgres as a database backend using Kubernetes to manage the necessary resources and reverse proxy.

先决条件#

¥Prerequisites

你需要 Azure 命令行工具

¥You need The Azure command line tool

Self-hosting knowledge prerequisites

Self-hosting n8n requires technical knowledge, including:

  • Setting up and configuring servers and containers
  • Managing application resources and scaling
  • Securing servers and applications
  • Configuring n8n

n8n recommends self-hosting for expert users. Mistakes can lead to data loss, security issues, and downtime. If you aren't experienced at managing servers, n8n recommends n8n Cloud.

Latest and Next versions

n8n releases a new minor version most weeks. The latest version is for production use. next is the most recent release. You should treat next as a beta: it may be unstable. To report issues, use the forum.

Current latest: 1.122.5 Current next: 1.123.2

托管选项#

¥Hosting options

Azure 提供多种适合托管 n8n 的方式，包括 Azure 容器实例（针对运行容器进行了优化）、Linux 虚拟机和 Azure Kubernetes 服务（使用 Kubernetes 运行的容器）。

¥Azure offers several ways suitable for hosting n8n, including Azure Container Instances (optimized for running containers), Linux Virtual Machines, and Azure Kubernetes Service (containers running with Kubernetes).

本指南使用 Azure Kubernetes 服务 (AKS) 作为托管选项。使用 Kubernetes 需要一些额外的复杂性和配置，但它是根据需求变化扩展 n8n 的最佳方法。

¥This guide uses the Azure Kubernetes Service (AKS) as the hosting option. Using Kubernetes requires some additional complexity and configuration, but is the best method for scaling n8n as demand changes.

本指南中的步骤结合使用了 Azure UI 和命令行工具，但你可以使用其中任何一种来完成大多数任务。

¥The steps in this guide use a mix of the Azure UI and command line tool, but you can use either to accomplish most tasks.

打开 Azure Kubernetes 服务#

¥Open the Azure Kubernetes Service

从 Azure 门户 中选择 Kubernetes 服务。

¥From the Azure portal select Kubernetes services.

创建集群#

¥Create a cluster

在 Kubernetes 服务页面中，选择“创建”>“创建 Kubernetes 集群”。

¥From the Kubernetes services page, select Create > Create a Kubernetes cluster.

你可以选择任何符合你需求的配置选项，完成后点击“创建”。

¥You can select any of the configuration options that suit your needs, then select Create when done.

设置 Kubectl 上下文#

¥Set Kubectl context

本指南的其余步骤需要你将 Azure 实例设置为 Kubectl 上下文。你可以通过打开集群实例的详细信息页面，然后点击“连接”按钮来找到其连接详细信息。生成的代码片段展示了如何将其粘贴到终端并运行，以更改本地 Kubernetes 设置，使其使用新集群。

¥The remainder of the steps in this guide require you to set the Azure instance as the Kubectl context. You can find the connection details for a cluster instance by opening its details page and then the Connect button. The resulting code snippets shows the steps to paste and run into a terminal to change your local Kubernetes settings to use the new cluster.

克隆配置库#

¥Clone configuration repository

Kubernetes 和 n8n 需要一系列配置文件。你可以从 此代码库 克隆这些工作流。以下步骤说明哪个文件配置了哪些内容以及你需要更改哪些内容。

¥Kubernetes and n8n require a series of configuration files. You can clone these from this repository. The following steps tell you which file configures what and what you need to change.

使用以下命令克隆存储库：

¥Clone the repository with the following command:

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git clone https://github.com/n8n-io/n8n-hosting.git

切换目录：

¥And change directory:

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cd n8n-hosting/kubernetes

配置 Postgres#

¥Configure Postgres

对于更大规模的 n8n 部署，Postgres 比 SQLite 提供更强大的数据库后端。

¥For larger scale n8n deployments, Postgres provides a more robust database backend than SQLite.

配置持久存储卷#

¥Configure volume for persistent storage

为了在 Pod 重启后保持数据，Postgres 部署需要一个持久卷。默认存储类适用于此目的，并在 postgres-claim0-persistentvolumeclaim.yaml 清单中定义。

¥To maintain data between pod restarts, the Postgres deployment needs a persistent volume. The default storage class is suitable for this purpose and is defined in the postgres-claim0-persistentvolumeclaim.yaml manifest.

Specialized storage classes

如果你对存储类别有特殊或更高的要求，请参阅 阅读文档，了解 Azure 提供的更多选项。

¥If you have specialised or higher requirements for storage classes, read more on the options Azure offers in the documentation.

Postgres 环境变量#

¥Postgres environment variables

Postgres 需要设置一些环境变量才能将其传递给在容器中运行的应用。

¥Postgres needs some environment variables set to pass to the application running in the containers.

示例 postgres-secret.yaml 文件包含占位符，你需要将其替换为你自己的值。Postgres 在创建数据库时将使用这些详细信息。

¥The example postgres-secret.yaml file contains placeholders you need to replace with your own values. Postgres will use these details when creating the database..

然后，postgres-deployment.yaml 清单使用此清单文件中的值发送到应用 Pod。

¥The postgres-deployment.yaml manifest then uses the values from this manifest file to send to the application pods.

配置 n8n#

¥Configure n8n

创建文件卷存储#

¥Create a volume for file storage

虽然并非运行 n8n 的必要条件，但使用持久卷是必需的：

¥While not essential for running n8n, using persistent volumes is required for:

  • 使用与文件交互的节点，例如二进制数据节点。

¥Using nodes that interact with files, such as the binary data node.

  • 如果你想在重启后保留 手动 n8n 加密密钥。此操作会在启动期间将包含密钥的文件保存到文件存储中。

¥If you want to persist manual n8n encryption keys between restarts. This saves a file containing the key into file storage during startup.

n8n-claim0-persistentvolumeclaim.yaml 清单创建此清单，n8n Deployment 将该声明挂载到 n8n-deployment.yaml 清单的 volumes 部分。

¥The n8n-claim0-persistentvolumeclaim.yaml manifest creates this, and the n8n Deployment mounts that claim in the volumes section of the n8n-deployment.yaml manifest.

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…
volumes:
  - name: n8n-claim0
    persistentVolumeClaim:
      claimName: n8n-claim0
…

Pod 资源#

¥Pod resources

Kubernetes 允许你 可选择指定应用容器所需的最小资源及其运行限制。上面克隆的示例 YAML 文件在 n8n-deployment.yaml 文件的 resources 部分包含以下内容：

¥Kubernetes lets you optionally specify the minimum resources application containers need and the limits they can run to. The example YAML files cloned above contain the following in the resources section of the n8n-deployment.yaml file:

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…
resources:
  requests:
    memory: "250Mi"
  limits:
    memory: "500Mi"
…

这定义了每个容器的最小内存限制为 250MB，最大内存限制为 500MB，并允许 Kubernetes 处理 CPU 资源。你可以更改这些值以满足你的需求。以下是 n8n 云产品的资源值，供你参考：

¥This defines a minimum of 250mb per container, a maximum of 500mb, and lets Kubernetes handle CPU. You can change these values to match your own needs. As a guide, here are the resources values for the n8n cloud offerings:

  • Start: 320mb RAM, 10 millicore CPU burstable
  • Pro (10k executions): 640mb RAM, 20 millicore CPU burstable
  • Pro (50k executions): 1280mb RAM, 80 millicore CPU burstable

可选的：环境变量#

¥Optional: Environment variables

你可以使用环境变量配置 n8n 设置和行为。

¥You can configure n8n settings and behaviors using environment variables.

创建 n8n-secret.yaml 文件有关 n8n 环境变量的详细信息，请参阅 环境变量。

¥Create an n8n-secret.yaml file. Refer to Environment variables for n8n environment variables details.

部署#

¥Deployments

这两个部署清单（n8n-deployment.yaml 和 postgres-deployment.yaml）将 n8n 和 Postgres 应用定义到 Kubernetes。

¥The two deployment manifests (n8n-deployment.yaml and postgres-deployment.yaml) define the n8n and Postgres applications to Kubernetes.

清单定义了以下内容：

¥The manifests define the following:

  • 将定义的环境变量发送到每个应用 pod

¥Send the environment variables defined to each application pod

  • 定义要使用的容器图片。

¥Define the container image to use

  • 使用 resources 对象设置资源消耗限制

¥Set resource consumption limits with the resources object

  • 前面定义的 volumes 和 volumeMounts 用于定义容器中挂载卷的路径。

¥The volumes defined earlier and volumeMounts to define the path in the container to mount volumes.

  • 扩展和重启策略。示例清单定义了每个 Pod 的一个实例。你应该根据需要更改此设置。

¥Scaling and restart policies. The example manifests define one instance of each pod. You should change this to meet your needs.

服务#

¥Services

两个服务清单（postgres-service.yaml 和 n8n-service.yaml）分别使用 Kubernetes 负载均衡器通过 5432 和 5678 端口将服务暴露给外部。

¥The two service manifests (postgres-service.yaml and n8n-service.yaml) expose the services to the outside world using the Kubernetes load balancer using ports 5432 and 5678 respectively.

发送到 Kubernetes 集群#

¥Send to Kubernetes cluster

使用以下命令将所有清单发送到集群：

¥Send all the manifests to the cluster with the following command:

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kubectl apply -f .

Namespace error

你可能会看到一条错误消息，提示找不到 "n8n" 命名空间，因为该资源尚未准备就绪。你可以再次运行相同的命令，或者先使用以下命令应用命名空间清单：

¥You may see an error message about not finding an "n8n" namespace as that resources isn't ready yet. You can run the same command again, or apply the namespace manifest first with the following command:

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kubectl apply -f namespace.yaml

设置 DNS#

¥Set up DNS

n8n 通常在子域名上运行。使用你的 DNS 提供商为子域名创建一条 DNS 记录，并将其指向 n8n 服务的 IP 地址。在“外部 IP”列下，从你要使用的集群的“服务和入口”菜单项中找到 n8n 服务的 IP 地址。你需要将 n8n 端口 "5678" 添加到 URL 中。

¥n8n typically operates on a subdomain. Create a DNS record with your provider for the subdomain and point it to the IP address of the n8n service. Find the IP address of the n8n service from the Services & ingresses menu item of the cluster you want to use under the External IP column. You need to add the n8n port, "5678" to the URL.

Static IP addresses with AKS

有关如何在 AKS 中使用静态 IP 地址的更多详细信息，请参阅 阅读教程。

¥Read this tutorial for more details on how to use a static IP address with AKS.

删除资源#

¥Delete resources

使用以下命令移除清单创建的资源：

¥Remove the resources created by the manifests with the following command:

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kubectl delete -f .

下一步步骤#

¥Next steps